江平波:G20同意纳加密币入反洗钱和恐怖主义筹资监管

摘要
我们将以FATF的反洗钱和打击恐怖主义的融资的标准监管加密货币资产,而且我们还将考虑其他所需措施;我们将继续寻求一份基于共识的解决方案,以应对经济数字化对国际税收系统的影响,此项将在2019年更新,并在2020年发布最终报告

  阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯G20峰会在周末闭幕,除了万众瞩目的“习特会”之外,当天通过了《二十国集团领导人布宜诺斯艾利斯峰会宣言》(G20 Leaders’ declaration Building consensus for fair and sustainable development),号召各国保护劳工权益,推进性别、教育平等,发展基础设施和数字化,谈及能源、卫生、腐败等问题,并重申了《巴黎协定》,同时,还在区块链监管方面达成一致。

  在《宣言》第25条和26条,提到了区块链的监管。

  宣言第25条写了监管要求,我们将以FATF的反洗钱和打击恐怖主义的融资的标准监管加密货币资产,而且我们还将考虑其他所需措施(We will regulate crypto-assets for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism in line with FATF standards and we will consider other responses as needed)。

  宣言第26条写的是税收制度的更新,我们将继续寻求一份基于共识的解决方案,以应对经济数字化对国际税收系统的影响,此项将在2019年更新,并在2020年发布最终报告(We will continue to work together to seek a consensus based solution to address the impacts of the digitalization of the economy on the international tax system with an update in 2019 and a final report by 2020)。(G20 Leaders’ declaration Building consensus for fair and sustainable development, 2018)

  FATF,即反洗钱金融行动特别工作组(Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, fr: Groupe d’action financière, GAFI),是一家各国代表政府间组织,于1989年G7巴黎峰会成立,现有37个会员,宗旨是打击洗钱和恐怖主义筹款,制定的反洗钱和反恐融资建议是该方面最权威的文件(FATF, 2012)。

  今年以来,虽然比特币等加密货币的价格不断缩水,全球对这些虚拟资产的监管却在不断收紧。2月,德法官员号召监管加密货币和token;3月,日本提议在本次G20阿根廷峰会上达成管制的全球规则;7月,G20国家的财长和央行认为,加密货币没有给金融稳定带来危险,但要求FATF澄清加密货币的反洗钱标准。(Mizrahi, 2018 December 2)

  而FATF(2018 October 19)发表的《虚拟资产的管制》更新了三年前对虚拟货币的定义和监管要求,要求这些服务提供商接受反洗钱和打击恐怖主义筹资的监管,如包括持续监控、保留记录并报告可疑交易的尽职调查(jurisdictions should ensure that virtual asset service providers are subject to AML/CFT regulations, for example conducting customer due diligence including ongoing monitoring, record-keeping, and reporting of suspicious transactions)。

  目前,韩国已经实行了严厉的实名监管;欧盟立法机构欧盟委员会的副主席Valdis Dombrovskis也称将关注加密货币财产的甄别和管制(Partz, 2018 September 11);而且,下届FATF的轮值副主席将来自对此监管十分严格的中国。对区块链和加密货币的监管毫无疑问将不断加强。

  但是, Scott(2018 December 2)认为这种协议层面的管制能否成功仍有待怀疑,比特币本就是被设计成这么一种货币形式:对抗审查、无边界、政治中立。

  参考文献:

  FATF (2012). International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism & Proliferation: The FATF Recommendations. Retrieved From: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/pdfs/FATF%20Recommendations%202012.pdf

  FATF (2018 October 19). Regulation of virtual assets. Retrieved From: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/fatfrecommendations/documents/regulation-virtual-assets.html

  G20 Leaders’ declaration Building consensus for fair and sustainable development (2018). Retrieved From: https://g20.org/sites/default/files/buenos_aires_leaders_declaration.pdf

  Mizrahi, A. (2018 December 2). G20 Leaders Declare Commitment to Regulate Crypto Assets. Retrieved From: https://news.bitcoin.com/g20-leaders-declare-commitment-to-regulate-crypto-assets/

  Partz (2018 September 11). Crypto ‘Here to Stay’ but Needs Classification, Says European Commission Vice President. Retrieved From: https://cointelegraph.com/news/crypto-here-to-stay-but-needs-classification-says-european-commission-vice-president

  Scott, A. (2018 December 2). G20 Summit: We Will Regulate Cryptocurrencies ‘In Line with FATF Standards’. Retrieved From: https://bitcoinist.com/g20-regulate-cryptocurrencies-fatf/

关键词阅读:加密货币 区块链 G20 洗钱

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